Elixhauser A, Owens P. Adverse Drug Events in US Hospitals (2004). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Panel (HCUP) Statistical Report #29. Rockville, Maryland: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; April 2007.

This report, based on 2004 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Panel (HCUP) data, describes the types of patients seen with adverse drug events (ADEs) in US hospitals as well as the types of ADEs reported. The data indicated that ADEs were found in approximately 3.1 percent of all hospital stays, and most ADEs (90.3 percent) were attributed to the side effects of properly administered medications.

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Varkey P, Cunningham J, Bisping DS. Improving medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. May 2007;33(5):286-292.

This article describes a systematic study into outpatient medication reconciliation to determine if a multifaceted intervention influencing providers and patients reduced discrepancies related to inadequate prescription medication reconciliation in an outpatient setting.

Varkey P, Cunningham J, O'Meara J, Bonacci R, Desai N, Sheeler R. Multidisciplinary approach to inpatient medication reconciliation in an academic setting. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2007 Apr 15;64(8):850-854.

The mean number of medication discrepancies occurring during admission and discharge decreased after a multidisciplinary medication reconciliation process (involving nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and family medicine residents and staff) was implemented in an inpatient family medicine unit of an academic hospital center.

Varkey P, Resar RK. Medication reconciliation implementation in an academic center. American Journal of Medical Quality. 2006 Sep-Oct;21(5):293-235.

The authors describe the evolution and implementation of the inpatient medication reconciliation process at Mayo Clinic, an academic tertiary care center based in Rochester, Minnesota, composed of 3 integrated hospitals, receiving 60,000 admissions per year to a total of 1,951 beds. A pilot project was initiated and tested in the family medicine hospital service in April 2005. As the pilot project was implemented, several key concepts surfaced as being critical for expansion to the whole organization.

Kramer JS, Hopkins PJ, Rosendale JC, et al. Implementation of an electronic system for medication reconciliation. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy. 2007 Feb 15;64(4):404-422.

The authors studied the feasibility of implementing an electronic system for targeted pharmacist- and nurse-conducted admission and discharge medication reconciliation and its effects on patient safety, cost, and satisfaction. They concluded that patients who had their medications electronically reconciled reported a greater understanding of the medications they were to take after discharge from the hospital, including medication administration instructions and potential adverse effects.

Slee A, Farrar K, Hughes D, Constable S. Optimising medical treatment: How pharmacist-acquired medication histories have a positive impact on patient care. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2006 Dec 16;277:737-739.

Article describes a multicenter prospective study to identify whether a proactive clinical pharmacy review of a patient's treatment at the point of admission could potentially avoid adverse events. The authors conclude that there is a role for a proactive pharmacist review of medical patients on admission to identify the medication needs of individual patients and to correct prescriptions where these are not in line with those needs.

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Boockvar KS, Carlson LaCorte H, Giambanco V, Fridman B, Siu A. Medication reconciliation for reducing drug-discrepancy adverse events. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Sep;4(3):236-243.

The authors conclude that pharmacist-led medication reconciliation and communication with the physician reduced discrepancy-related adverse drug events (ADEs) in patients returning from the hospital to the nursing home. Further studies are needed to identify the most efficient reconciliation process that can then be adapted to all care settings.

Haig K. Medication reconciliation. American Journal of Medical Quality. Sep 2006;21(5):299-303.

This article describes the implementation of medication reconciliation at OSF St. Joseph Medical Center in Bloomington, Illinois (USA). 

Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors. Aspden P, Wolcott J, Bootman JL, Cronenwett LR (eds).
Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006

In 1996 the Institute of Medicine launched the Quality Chasm Series, a series of reports focused on assessing and improving the nation's quality of health care. Preventing Medication Errors is the newest volume in the series. Responding to the key messages in earlier volumes of the series — To Err Is Human (2000), Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), and Patient Safety (2004) — this latest report sets forth an agenda for improving the safety of medication use.

Weir VL. Best-practice protocols: Preventing adverse drug events. Nursing Management. Sep 2005;36(9):24-30.

As part of their efforts to implement medication reconciliation, Stanford Hospital and Clinics developed Patient Safety Net (PSN), an online adverse event reporting system. Analysis of PSN data revealed a pattern of unrecognized, widespread, low-frequency I.V.-PCA adverse events. A performance improvement-failure modes and effects analysis identified causes, and a multidisciplinary team developed solutions. This article is part of a series that describes the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's 100,000 Lives Campaign recommended interventions from a nursing management perspective.

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