Many systems require that elements (e.g., a customer, a form, a product) be transferred to multiple people, offices, or work stations to complete the processing or service. The handoff from one stage to the next can result in increased time and costs and cause quality problems. The work flow can be rearranged to minimize any handoff in the process. Redesign the process so that any worker is only involved one time in an iteration of a process. Sometimes changes in organization structure or position descriptions can minimize handoffs. For example, we can reduce layers of management that require multiple reviews, meetings, and approvals. We can expand clerical jobs to include scheduling, staffing, planning, and analysis. Or we can cross-train workers to handle many functions rather than be specialists in one specific function.