Desjars P, Pinaud M, Potel G, et al. A reappraisal of norepinephrine therapy in human septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 1987;15(2):134–137.

This study examines the use of norepinephrine as a vasopressor when other therapies have failed.

Dive A, Foret F, Jamart J, et al. Effect of dopamine on gastrointestinal motility during critical illness. Intensive Care Medicine. 2000;26:901–907.

This finds that dopamine has adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility among mechanically ventilated patients.

Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Wouters P, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in critical illness: Effect of dopamine. Clinical Endocrinology. 1995;43:457–463.

This study examines the impact of dopamine therapy on serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and cortisol.

Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clinical Endocrinology. 1994;41:731–737.

This study explores dopamine's effects on thyroid function during critical illness.

Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P, et al. Luteinizing hormone secretion and hypoandrogenaemia in critically ill men: Effect of dopamine. Clinical Endocrinology. 1994;41:563–569.

This study examines luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels among critically ill men, and explores the further impact that dopamine can have on those hormone levels.

Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P, et al. Growth hormone secretion in critical illness: Effect of dopamine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994;79:1141–1146.

This study suggests that dopamine infusion can impede release of growth hormone, which is already decreased during critical illness.

Bailey AR, Burchett KR. Effect of low-dose dopamine on serum concentrations of prolactin in critically ill patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997;78:97–99.

This study suggests that dopamine infusion in critically ill patients can inhibit prolactin release, thereby reducing cellular immune function.

Winslow EJ, Loeb HS, Rahimtoola SH, et al. Hemodynamic studies and results of therapy in 50 patients with bacteremic shock. American Journal of Medicine. 1973;54:421–432.

Article abstract not available

Reinelt H, Radermacher P, Kiefer P, et al. Impact of exogenous beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation on hepatosplanchnic oxygen kinetics and metabolic activity in septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 1999;27:325–331.

This article examines the role played by exogenous beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation in septic shock.

Meier-Hellmann A, Reinhart K, Bredle DL, et al. Epinephrine impairs splanchnic perfusion in septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 1997;25:399–404.

This study finds that epinephrine, when used as a vasopressor in septic shock, can have adverse effects on visceral blood flow and oxygen uptake.