Ruokonen E, Takala J, Kari A, et al. Regional blood flow and oxygen transport in septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 1993;21:1296–1303.

This study finds that local changes in oxygen demand are strong predictors for tissue hypoxia during septic shock.

Desjars P, Pinaud M, Bugnon D, et al. Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock. Critical Care Medicine. 1989;17:426–429.

This study suggests that norepinephrine can, within certain dosage ranges, be used to treat severe septic shock without damage to renal function.

Marin C, Eon B, Saux P, et al. Renal effects of norepinephrine used to treat septic shock patients. Critical Care Medicine. 1990;18:282–285.

This study finds that norepinephrine does not have deleterious effects, and may have beneficial effects, on renal function in patients with severe septic shock.

Fukuoka T, Nishimura M, Imanaka H, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on renal function in septic patients with normal and elevated serum lactate levels. Critical Care Medicine. 1989;17:1104–1107.

This study recommends close monitoring of serum lactate levels and renal function during norepinephrine administration.

Redl-Wenzl EM, Armbruster C, Edelmann G, et al. The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states. Intensive Care Medicine. 1993;19:151–154.

This study's findings suggest that norepinephrine can be used safely to treat patients suffering from severe septic shock.

Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Wisniewski SR, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on the renal vasculature in normal and endotoxemic dogs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999;159:1186–1192.

This study suggests that norepinephrine administration can increase blood flow to visceral organs during septic shock.

Mills LC, Moyer JH. The effects of various catecholamines on specific vascular hemodynamics in hypotensive and normotensive subjects. American Journal of Cardiology. 1960;5:652–659.

Article abstract unavailable

Marin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, et al. Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock? Chest. 1993;103:1826–1831.

This study finds norepinephrine to be more reliable and effective in reversing hypodynamic septic shock than dopamine.

Hesselvik JF, Brodin B. Low-dose norepinephrine in patients with septic shock and oliguria: Effects on afterload, urine flow, and oxygen transport. Critical Care Medicine. 1989;17:179–180.

Article abstract not available

Meadows D, Edwards JD, Wilkins RG, et al. Reversal of intractable septic shock with norepinephrine therapy. Critical Care Medicine. 1988;16:663–666.

This study finds that norepinephrine alone can reverse several of the symptoms of hypotension present in severe septic shock.