Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355(9200):253-259.

Treatment with the ACE-inhibitor, ramipril, decreased cardiovascular complications and progression of nephropathy. These benefits appeared to be greater than what would be predicted based upon improved blood pressure control alone.

Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, de Groot M, Carney RM, Clouse RE. Depression and poor glycemic control: A meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(7):934-942.

Literature review suggests clear association between depression and worse glycemic control.

Huang ES, Meigs JB, Singer DE. The effect of interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Medicine. 2001;111(8):633-642.

This points out the importance of cardiac risk reduction strategies.

Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;344(18):1343-1350.

This Finnish Study gives data similar to the DPP showing that lifestyle change prevents or delays type 2 diabetes.

Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7-22.

This study found that adding simvastatin to existing treatments safely produces substantial additional benefits for a wide range of high-risk patients, irrespective of their initial cholesterol concentrations.

Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;34(6):393-403.

This paper points out the effectiveness of intensive behavior change in lifestyle in delaying (or preventing) the onset of type 2 diabetes. It also has relevance to the management of patients with established type 2 diabetes.

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): Description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(12):2165-2171.

This paper describes the behavior change in lifestyle in detail. Whether this degree of change is achievable outside of a research setting, and whether lesser degrees of change would be beneficial, remains to be shown.

Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(12):2335-2341.

This paper points out the value of increased exercise in improving blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes.

US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: Recommendations and rationale. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003;138(3):212-214.

This paper discusses the rationale for why a screening program aids in identifying undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and what should, or should not, be done.

Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348(5):383-393.

A target-driven, long-term, intensified intervention aimed at multiple risk factors in Danish patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria reduced the risk of cardiovascular and microvascular events by about 50 percent.