Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: What will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Effective Clinical Practice. 1998;1:2-4.

This editorial introduces an entire issue devoted to chronic illness care and is the first article publishing the model for improvement of chronic illness.

Scott J, Gade G, McKenzie M, Venohr I. Cooperative health care clinics: A group approach to individual care. Geriatrics. 1998;53(5):68-70, 76-78, 81; quiz 82.

Provides a how-to description of the cooperative health care clinic, a group visit model used in primary care. Initial efforts were with geriatric patients. This model has been successfully used with patients with diabetes.

Lorig KR, Sobel DS, Stewart AL, et al. Evidence suggesting that a chronic disease self-management program can improve health status while reducing utilization and costs: A randomized trial. Medical Care. 1999;37(1):5-14.

Research basis for the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program developed by the Stanford Patient Education Research Center.

Wasson J, Gaudette C, Whaley F, Sauvigne A, Baribeau P, Welch HG. Telephone care as a substitute for routine clinic follow-up. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992;267:1788-1793.

The first randomized clinical trial demonstrating cost savings and satisfactory care from substituting regularly scheduled, proactive phone calls for some clinic visits.

Kendall DB, Tremain K, Lemieux J, Levine SR. Health aging vs. chronic illness: Preparing Medicare for the new health care challenge. Progressive Policy Institute Policy Report. February 2003.

This report focused on Medicare reform discusses the mismatch of current medical care with up-to-date chronic care management.

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